Welcome to the community forums! 
I’m not so familiar with Jenkins, but have you tried to escape the special character with a backslash \?
The important thing here is that you’re not limited to that execution. In a simplified example:
docker run --rm -i grafana/k6 run - <script.js
The - <script.js is just redirect a content of the script.js file to the k6.
But you can try mounting the catalog with the scripts as the docker volume and then use “local” path for docker containers. For example, there was an answer to that topic Modularize structure not running on docker - #7 by olegbespalov
Cheers!