Secured way of handling credentails in grafana

Grafana configuration has few parameters which are considered as sensitive data. Follwoing are few examples:

database password
security admin_password, secret_key

Based on grafana documentation, Configurations including credentials can be passed to grafana in following ways:

  1. Plaintext in grafana.ini
  2. via env variable
  3. via file provider
  4. via vault.

As vault provider is only available in Grafana Enterprise, we are left with first 3 options. Option 3 might be more secured way in OSS grafana by controlling file ownership & file permission.

Could you please let us know if there is any better way to handle sensitive data in OSS grafana.